European Exploration of Africa

Europeans have been interested in African geography since the time of the Greek and Roman Empires.   Around 150 C.E., Ptolemy created a map of the world that included the Nile and the great lakes of East Africa.   In the Middle Ages, the large Ottoman Empire blocked European access to Africa and its trade goods, but Europeans still learned about Africa from Islamic maps and travelers, like Ibn Battuta. The Catalan Atlas created in 1375, which includes many African coastal cities, the Nile River, and other political and geographical features, shows how much Europe knew about North and West Africa. Portuguese Exploration By the 1400s, Portuguese sailors, backed by Prince Henry the Navigator, began exploring the West coast of Africa looking for a mythical Christian king named Prester John and a way to the wealth of Asia that avoided the Ottomans and the powerful empires of South West Asia.   By 1488, the Portuguese had charted a way around the South African Cape and in 1498, Vasco da Gama reached Mombasa, in what is today Kenya, where he encountered Chinese and Indian merchants. Europeans made few inroads into Africa, though, until the 1800s, due to the strong African states they encountered, tropical diseases, and a relative lack of interest. Europeans instead grew rich trading gold, gum, ivory, and slaves with coastal merchants.   Science, Imperialism, and the Quest for the Nile In the late 1700s, a group of British men, inspired by the Enlightenment ideal of learning, decided that Europe should know much more about Africa. They formed the African Association in 1788 to sponsor expeditions to the continent.   With the abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in 1808, European interest in the interior of Africa grew quickly.   Geographical Societies were formed and sponsored expeditions. The Parisian Geographical Society offered a 10,000 franc prize to the first explorer who could reach the town of Timbuktu (in present-day Mali) and return alive. The new scientific interest in Africa was never wholly philanthropic, however. Financial and political support for exploration grew out of the desire for wealth and national power. Timbuktu, for instance, was believed to be rich in gold.   By the 1850s, interest in African exploration had become an international race, much like the Space Race between the U.S. and U.S.S.R in the 20th century.   Explorers like David Livingstone, Henry M. Stanley, and Heinrich Barth became national heroes, and the stakes were high. A public debate between Richard Burton and John H. Speke over the source of the Nile led to the suspected suicide of Speke, who was later proven correct.   Explorers’ travels also helped pave the way for European conquest, but the explorers themselves had little to no power in Africa for much of the century. They were deeply dependent on the African men they hired and the assistance of African kings and rulers, who were often interested in acquiring new allies and new markets.   European Madness and African Knowledge Explorers accounts of their travels downplayed the assistance they received from African guides, leaders, and even slave traders. They also presented themselves as calm, cool, and collected leaders masterfully directing their porters across unknown lands.   The reality was that they were often following existing routes and, as Johann Fabian showed, were disoriented by fevers, drugs, and cultural encounters that went against everything they expected to find in so-called savage Africa.   Readers and historians believed explorers accounts, though, and it was not until recent years that people began to recognize the critical role that Africans and African knowledge played in the exploration of Africa. Sources Fabian, Johannes, Out of Our Minds: Reason and Madness in the Exploration of Central Africa. (2000). Kennedy, Dane. The Last Blank Spaces: Exploring Africa and Australia. (2013).

Recruitment Strategies For Recruiting Foreign Nationals

2.2.2 Recruitment With volunteers choosing to devote less time to volunteer programs, it has become a struggle for organizations to compete for volunteers. To develop more effective recruitment strategies, an organization must identify the volunteer market or a market niche. Recruiting foreign nationals is another option to increase the volunteer pool and can be accessed through corporations, colleges and universities, immigrant programs, and foreign exchange programs. Individuals that participate have the benefit of making new friends, learning the host culture, utilizing their skills and talents, learning new skills, improving their English, and sharing their culture and language. Once an organization has completed its recruitment†¦show more content†¦2.2.4 Training and Development Once the right candidates have been selected, the next step is to properly train the new volunteers using the appropriate human resources management strategies in order for them to accurately perform the tasks of their new jobs. These training and development strategies are a great tool to motivate current volunteers, as well as teach new volunteers their jobs. In order to develop a training strategy, an assessment of the training needs of the organization is required. A needs assessment will use organizational, personnel, and task analysis to identify the suitability of training, who needs training, and what tasks, knowledge, skills, and behaviors need to be trained. Once this is completed, a learning environment must be created. The responsibility of the learning department falls under the human resources department and consists of the following steps: †¢ Establishing learning objectives and training outcomes †¢ Providing meaningful material or content †¢ Encouraging practice sessions and utilizing lessons learned †¢ Giving and receiving feedback †¢ Administering and coordinating training programs Finally, an evaluation of the training program will ensure that volunteers have been provided with the knowledge, skills, abilities, and resources

Influence of Aeration on Fermentation and Microbial Contamination Risks free essay sample

Brewing is a fermentative process which converts carbohydrate rich raw materials into beer using yeast catalysts such as Baker’s yeast and species of Saccharomyces. Water quality and aeration conditions influence beer quality to a greater extent. Of these two, aeration plays a vital role. Aeration and Fermentation: Studies revealed that yeast cells propagation was doubled when cultured under prolonged aerobic conditions as compared to discontinuous aeration. Moreover, increase in cell growth was proportional to aeration volume, mainly due to the synthesis of sterols and unsaturated fatty acids which are important elements of the yeast cell membrane. Under batch fermentation, aeration affected 1st fermentation; nevertheless, successive fermentation was yeast strain dependent. Chul (2002) observed significant differences in levels of aroma compounds obtained with yeast propagated under different aerobic conditions. However aerobic conditions were not found to affect the levels of diacetyl.   According to Chul et al (2007), continuous aeration during yeast propagation directly influenced yeast metabolism, fermentation ability and beer quality. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Aeration on Fermentation and Microbial Contamination Risks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Microbial contamination risks: Certain groups of micro-organisms pose contamination risk in brewing. Most hazardous beer spoilage microbial agents are the species of Lactobacilli, Pedicocci and Micrococcus kristinae. Lactobacilli are gram-positive, facultative, anaerobic bacteria. Some species of Lactobacilli which are the common beer spoilage organisms are said to operate using homofermentative metabolism, by lowering the pH of fermentation process by producing lactic acid. These species are generally resistant to hop compounds. Lactobacillus brevis has the ability to ferment dextrins and starch and its contaminations in beer cause turbidity and super-attenuation (Vaughan et al. 2005). Pediococci are also homofermentative bacteria, which normally grow in pairs or tetrads, and are found in finished beers and wort fermentations. Presence of Pediococci leaves behind fermentable sugars in beer even after fermentation, thus causing ropiness. Micrococcus kristinae is an aerobic, gram-positive coccus occurring in tetrads or groups of four, forming pale cream to pale orange colonies. The primary habitat is the mammalian skin (Microbial glossary). Most of the strains are non-pathogens but some tend to be opportunistic pathogens. These species can grow in beer with significantly lower levels of alcohol and hop compounds and at pH values above 4.5 (Vaughan et al. 2005) and produce a fruity atypical aroma. Gram negative anaerobic bacteria such as Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus, Pectinatus frisingensis, Selenomonas lacticifex, Zymophilus raffinosivorans and Zymomonas mobilis are also potential beer spoilage microbes. Pectinatus species have found to greatly affect non-pasteurized beers rather than pasteurized ones. These anaerobic organisms ideally grow in packaged products between 15 and 40 °C with an optimum at 32 °C and at a pH of 4.5 (Vaughan et al. 2005). They are found to produce significant amounts of acetic acid, propionic acid and acetoin in wort and packaged beers. They also produce hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan and cause considerable turbidity and an unpleasant ‘rotten egg’ odor in beer. Zymomonas mobilis is an organism widely used in the bio-ethanol synthesis. However, this species contaminates beer when it produces significantly higher levels of acetaldehyde and hydrogen sulphide. Gram negative aerobic bacteria such as Hafnia protea and Enterobacter cloacae also other agents which cause beer spoilage and are capable of surviving beer fermentation. Certain species of Saccharomyces are also organism causing beer contamination. Works Cited: Cheong, Chul.   Wackerbauer, Karl. and Kang, Soon AH. â€Å"Influence of aeration during propagation of pitching yeast on fermentation and beer flavor.† J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17(2). 2007: 297 – 304. Microbial glossary – Environmental Diagnostic Laborarory, retrieved from http://www.pureaircontrols.com/glossary.html Vaughan, Anne. O’Sullivan, Tadhg.   and Sinderen, Douwe Van. â€Å"Enhancing the Microbiological Stability of Malt and Beer – A Review.† Publication no. G-2005-1316-408. The Institute of Brewing Distilling. 111 ( 4). 2005: 355 – 371.

Acc Multiple Choice Questions Solutions Essay Example

Acc Multiple Choice Questions Solutions Paper Neither alternative is desirable, as both produce a loss for the firm. Value gained if goods sold the goods as is $45,000 Value gained if goods are cleaned and shipped and then sold = $80,000 $23,000 $57,000 As the value gained if the goods are cleaned is more, so cleaning and shipping should be done. Cost associates is given as $23,000 20, In early July, Mike Gottfried purchased a $70 ticket to the December 15 game of the Chicago Titans. (The Titans belong to the Midwest Football League and play their games outdoors on the shore of Lake Michigan. Parking for the game was expected to cost approximately $22, and Gottfried would probably spend another SIS for a souvenir program and food. It is now December 14_ The Titans were having a miserable season and the temperature was expected to peak at 5 degrees on game day. Mike therefore decided to skip the game and took his wife to the movies, with tickets and dinner costing $50. The sunk cost associated with this decision situation is: A . ASS_ B. $50. D. $107. E. Some Other amount. Sunk cost is the amount of money already invested. But the utility from it is not experienced or realized. As Mike has only invested 570 Which he did not recover as he did not go to the games. He also invested $50 in movies, but then this amount was realized when he saw the movie. So sunk cost is only the cost of tickets purchased. So, sunk cost = $70 21, In early July, Jim Lopez purchased a $70 ticket to the December 15 game of the Chicago Titans. (The Titans belong to the Midwest Football League and play their games outdoors on the shore of Lake Michigan,) parking for the game was expected to cost approximately $22, and Lopez would probably spend another 515 for a souvenir program and food. We will write a custom essay sample on Acc Multiple Choice Questions Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Acc Multiple Choice Questions Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Acc Multiple Choice Questions Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is now December 14_ The Titans were having a miserable season and the temperature was expected to peak at 5 degrees on game day. Jim is thinking about skipping the game and taking his wife o the movies and dinner, at a cost of $50. The amount of sunk cost that should influence Jims decision to spend some time With his Wife is: A. $0. B. $20. C. So_ D. $70. If there is positive sunk cost, it means that Jim will lose some value of money. So, he will favor towards the games. Fifth sunk cost is 0, Jim will be indifferent towards the games and movie. So, the value is O, to influence Jims decision to spend time with his wife. 25. Susan is contemplating a job offer with an advertising agency where she will make ASS,COO in her first year of employment. Alternatively, Susan can begin to org in her fathers business where she will earn an annual salary of $38,000. If Susan decides to work with her father, the opportunity cost would be: A. SC, B. $38,000. C ASS,coo_ D. $92,000. E. Irrelevant in deciding Which job Offer to accept. Opportunity cost is the value Of money we may lose When we indulge in some other activity. So, here if Susan works for her father, she will lose the opportunity Of working for the advertising agency. Opportunity cost = $54000 29, Two months ago, Victory Corporation purchased 4,500 pounds of Hydro, paying $15,300. The demand for this product has been very strong since the acquisition, with the market price jumping to per pound, (Victory can buy or sell Hydro at this price. ) The company recently received a special-order inquiry, one that would require the use of 4,200 pounds of Hydro Which of the following is (are) relevant in deciding whether to accept the special order? A. The 300-pound remaining inventory of Hydro_ B. The $4. 05 market price. C The 53 40 purchase price. D. 4,500 pounds of Hydro. E. Two or more Of the above factors are relevant. As Victory is undecided among two options, Whether to sell Hydro at $4. 05 per pound or to accept the special order. The factor relevant is the price of Hydro. If the price gives more profit than accepting the Offer, Victory Will sell hydro instead of accepting the order. 31. Mueller has been approached about providing a new service to its clients. The company will bill clients $140 per hour: the related hourly variable and fixed operating costs will be ASS and SIB, respectively, If all employees are currently working at full capacity on other client matters, the per-hour opportunity cost to being unable to provide this new service is: A. SO. B. $47. D. $93. E _ S 140. Per hour opportunity cost of not being able to provide this service = 5140 -575 $65 The fixed operating cost is not subtracted because that amount is already invested and thus Will be counted towards sunk cost. Note: Axed component Of cost is always invested at the Start Of project. o, it is same whether you provide service or not. Variable cost occur if you provide service. 32. Snyder, Inc. , Which has excess capacity, received a special order for 4,000 units at a price of ASS per unit. Currently, production and sales are anticipated to be 10,000 units without considering the special order. Budget information for the current year follows. Cost of goods sold incl udes $30,000 affixed manufacturing cost, If the special order is accepted, the companys income will: A. Increase by $2,000. G. Decrease by $2,000. C. Increase by $14,000. D. Decrease by $14,000. E. Change by some other molten. Variable cost Cost of Goods Fixed cost $145,000 530,000 IS 15,000 Variable cost per unit = Variable cost/ sales = $1 15,000/ 10,000 = $11. 5 As fixed cost is already incurred, To calculate increase in revenue by new order, only variable cost is considered. Revenue per new item = $15-$11. 5=$3. 5 So, Revenue per new item of units of new order = Increase in revenue 53. 94000 $14,000 33. Surround Sound, Inc. Reported the following results from the sale of 24,000 nits of IT-54: Rhythm Company has offered to purchase 3,000 IT-545 at $16 each, Sound has available capacity, and the president is in favor of accepting the order. She feels it would be profitable because no variable selling costs will be incurred. The plant manager is opposed because the full cost of production is $17. Which of the following correctly notes the change in income if the special order is accepted? A. $3,000 decrease. B. SO,COO increase. C. $12,000 decrease. D. $12,000 increase. E. None of these. Variable cost per item for new order = 288,000/24000 = $12 Revenue per new item = $16-$12 = $4 So, increase in revenue = $4*3000 = $12,000 34 Computations, a manufacturer of computer peripherals, has excess capacity. The companys Utah plant has the following per-unit cost structure for item no. The traceable fixed administrative cost was incurred at the Lath plant; in contrast, the allocated administrative cost represents a fair share of Computations corporate overhead. Utah has been presented With a special order of 5,000 units of item no. 89 on which no selling cost will be incurred. The proper relevant cost in deciding whether to accept this special order would be: A. ASS. 8. $59. C. Sal. D. $80. E. Some other amount. In deciding whether to accept the offer, only variable cost is amounted. As allocated administrative is part of corporate overhead, it is also fixed. Selling cost is not incurred in new order. So, cost to be considered is the Variable manufacturing cost , which is $40 35. Gorges Corporation manufactures parts that are used in the production of washers and dryers. The following costs are associated faith part no. 65: The company received a special-order inquiry from an appliance manufacturer in Spain for 15,000 units of part no. 65. Only $3 of fixed manufacturing will be uncured on the order, and the variable selling costs per unit Will amount to only $5. Since Gorges has excess capacity, the minimum price that Gorges should charge the Spanish manufacturer is: A. 596. B. 99. C. $105. D. BIBB. Direct material and Direct labor is a type variable cost in manufacturing industry. So, total variable cost $50 + $19 + $22 * $3 + $5 $99 Here, fixed manufacturing of $3 is considered, because it is only for that order and is dependent on number of units of goods manufactured, 37, Torero Pines is studying whether to outsource its Human Resources (H/ R) activities. Salaried professionals who earn $390,000 would be terminated; in contrast, administrative assistants who earn $120,000 valued be transferred elsewhere in the organization. Miscellaneous departmental overhead (e. G. , supplies, copy charges, overnight delivery) is expected to decrease by 530,000, and ASS,OHO of corporate overhead, previously allocated to Human Resources, would be picked up by Other departments. If Torero Pines can secure needed HIRE services locally for $410,000, how much would the company benefit by outsourcing? A. 510,000. B. 95,000. C. $130,000. D. $155,000. E. Nothing, as it would be cheaper to keep the department open. Benefit to the company $390,000 * $30,000 $410,000 $20,000 The values of $120,000 and ASS,OHO is ignored because, these are allocated elsewhere in the organization and not really saved. 38. Song, a division of Carolina Enterprises, currently makes 100,000 units of a product that has created a number of manufacturing problems. Songs costs follow. If Song were to discontinue production, fixed manufacturing costs would be reduced by 70%. The relevant cost of deciding whether the division should purchase the product from an outside supplier is: A. $540,000. B. 594,000. C. SASS,oho. D. $720,000. E. 926,000. Cost saving by purchasing = 40000 40. 7*180000 = SASS,oho 39, Maddox, a division of Stanley Enterprises, currently performs computer services for various departments of the firm. One to the services has created a number of operating problems, and management is exploring whether to outsource the service to a consultant. Trac eable variable and fixed operating costs total 580,000 and 525,000, respectively, in addition to $18,000 of corporate administrative overhead allocated from Stanley. If Maddox were to use the outside consultant, fixed operating costs would be reduced by 70%. The irrelevant costs in Maddox outsourcing decision total: A. $17,500. B. ASS,COO_ c. $25,000. D. $25,500. Irrelevant cost = administrative cost + fixed cost 525,500 = 18000 +0. 3*25000 = 44. The Shoe Department at the El Paso Department Store is being considered for closure. The following information relates to shoe activity: It 70% of the fixed operating costs are avoidable, should the Shoe Department be closed? A, Yes, El Paso would he better off by $23,000. B. Yes, El Paso would be better off by $50,000. C. No, El Paso would be worse off by ASS,COO. D. No, El Paso would be worse off by $40,000. After avoiding of fixed cost Total cost = 280,000 30, COO $373,000 sales revenue = $350,000 o, if they sell, they are better Off by $373,000 $350,000 -? 523,000 45. Summers Corporation is composed of five divisions. Each division is allocated a share of Summers overhead to make divisional managers aware of the cost of running the corporate headquarters, The following information relates to the Metro Division: Fifth Metro Division is closed, 100% of the traceable fixed operating costs can be eliminated, What will be the impact on Summers overall profitability if the Metro Division is closed? A. Decrease by $200,000. B. Decrease by SO,COO. C. Decrease by D. Decrease by Current profit 300,000 report overhead will be utilized somewhere else. Impact on profitability = 200,000 + 300,000 = $500,000 200,000 As allocated 46. Ortega Interiors provides design services to residential and commercial clients. The residential services produce a contribution margin of $450,000 and have traceable fixed operating costs Of $480,000. Management is studying whether to drop the residential operation.

Acyl Group Definition and Examples

Acyl Group Definition and Examples Organic chemistry defines several moieties or functional groups. The acyl group is one of them: Acyl Group Definition An acyl group is a functional group with formula RCO- where R is bound to the carbon atom with a single bond. Typically the acyl group is attached to a larger molecule such that the carbon and oxygen atoms are joined by a double bond. Acyl groups are formed when one or more hydroxyl groups are removed from an oxoacid. Even though acyl groups are almost exclusively discussed in organic chemistry, they may be derived from inorganic compounds, such as phosphonic acid and sulfonic acid. Acyl Group Examples Esters, ketones, aldehydes and amides all contain the acyl group. Specific examples include acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) and benzoyl chloride (C6H5COCl). Sources IUPAC (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the Gold Book). Acyl groups. doi:10.1351/goldbook.A00123Smith, Michael B. (2013). Marchs Advanced Organic Chemistry. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 857. ISBN 978-0-470-46259-1.

Terrorism and the Law (law295) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Terrorism and the Law (law295) - Essay Example aterial support as â€Å"any property, tangible or intangible or service, including money, financial services, lodging, training, expert advice or assistance, safehouses, false documentation or identification, communication equipment, facilities, weapons, lethal substance, explosives, personnel, transportation, and with the exemption of medicine or religious materials (Samaha 468). The government must be able to prove that the â€Å"donor defendant acted with culpable intent knowledge† so as it is safe to say that such individual has provided material support to a terrorist organization (Samaha 468). There are varying definitions of terrorism which makes it controversial and it is defined by different kinds of laws such as the following: International criminal law, National criminal law (e.g. United States Law Code), and general insurance policies. The United Nations and the council on the suppression of terrorism seek to define it by adopting general legislative measures against it which results to serious legal consequences. As a result to this, the United Nations is encouraging every state to define terrorism in the context of National Law (Saul 141). On the other hand, the Arab Convention is very particular in excluding armed struggle against oppression from the definition of terrorism and its suppression. The threat to right of securing self-determination and independence which can be counteracted by armed struggle in whatever means is particularly excluded in the definition of terrorism (Williamson 59). This therefore paves the way for the difficulty in coming up with universal definition of terrorism. European Convention on the other hand on its suppression of terrorism encourages States to consider terrorism and its acts not as political offences or as being inspired by political motives (Dumitriu 587). The US District Court decision of United States vs. Yunis case stands for the acceptance of certain principles of extraterritorial jurisdiction allowing

Personal Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Personal Narrative - Essay Example Despite the fact that the subject of ridicule on my body was gone, I was not aware of the fact that the ridicule would still continue as I joined school. With the onset of the adolescent stage, many girls in my class started getting curvier, and in my and other people’s opinion prettier yet I still maintained my rather stiff self. This is something that quite disturbed me considering the fact that this was a time when fitting in was quite an issue. Most of my peers were busy getting clothes that flaunted their bodies while I on the other hand quite struggled to dress my skinny self. This had started affecting me and it was during this difficult time that my father started teaching me a valuable and significant lesson regarding beauty and the power of self confidence. During my childhood, my family always indulged in a weekly ritual that we called family night. We always used this time for various activities and we would hold family councils when we would discuss important subj ects. Sometimes we would just play games, watch a movie or take ice cream while talking about moral issues of the time. There are times when we would get carried away and sing songs while hearing dad’s many stories. It was during one these family times that my dad brought a movie entitled Johnny Lingo for us to watch. In the movie was a shy ten year old girl who had long, stringy brown hair and big brown eyes on a freckled face. One would say that Pillsbury Dough Boy was her closest relative. However, the story was one filled with a lot of hope and in my own world I would say magic. The movie was all set up on an island and was about this girl named Mohana, who was actually quite ugly. She was all skin and bone and rarely washed or combed her stringy hair. Most of her time was spent on the woods so that no one could see her and make fun of her funny looks. In addition to this she was quite sidelined in her family due to the fact that everyone deemed her ugly. However, one day , a handsome young man named Johnny Lingo came to the Island and asked for Mohana’s hand in marriage. He gave Mohana’s father eight cows as a gift in exchange for Mohana. This was a great demonstration of devotion and love towards Mohana because the standard used to be four cows as a gift to the girl’s family. A year later Johnny Lingo and Mohana returned to visit the island and people hardly recognized Mohana who was now totally transformed. She now had long, shining beautifully combed hair and had put on some weight. In addition to this, her personality had greatly changed. She was not the same girl that used to hide in the woods so that people would not call her ugly, she seemed to have a lot of self assurance and confidence. Johnny Lingo said that he had bought her a silver and pearl inlaid mirror as well as a comb set and reminded her every day that she was beautiful. He said that Mohana had always had inner beauty that had not been discovered. I came to re alize the significance of this movie years later when fully practicing my modeling career. It had taken me sometime to realize that I had something special that could be used to my advantage. The people around me especially my father who gave me lots of positive reinforcement that helped me get the desirable effects consequently excelling in my career (Redmond & Montedoro, p.1). I had started small by participating in the schools fashion shows and beauty pageants. Even though most of my peers thought that it was a wild goose